【云彤辅心】左心室辅助与抗栓治疗策略(二)

LVAD植入患者的长期管理中,抗栓治疗发挥着至关重要的作用,它直接关系到LVAD相关并发症的发生和发展。同时,这些并发症也反过来影响着抗栓治疗的策略选择。本期北京安贞医院刘彤教授将从“出血与血栓栓塞并发症的病理生理学”的角度与大家深入解析和讨论"左心室辅助植入后的抗栓治疗策略"这一主题。


出血与血栓栓塞并发症的病理生理学


连续流左心室辅助装置(CF-LVAD)植入后,出血或血栓事件的发生可能与多种因素相关,包括患者的个体差异、器械的特性以及外部环境因素(见下图1)。这些因素间的相互作用决定了是否会出现出血或血栓事件。


图1 患者、LVAD和外部因素间的相互关系,引致了特定的血栓形成或出血事件的倾向(来源:Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(6):521.)


(一)器械类型


正如上篇中所提到的,已有充分的临床证据证实,器械类型是决定出血和血栓事件发生的关键因素。脉动式LVADs虽然在卒中、血栓栓塞事件和器械故障方面的发生率较高,但对于胃肠道出血(Gastrointestinal bleeding/hemorrhage,GIB),其风险并未显著增加[1]。对比之下,轴流式连续流泵CF-LVADs显著降低了卒中、血栓栓塞事件和器械故障的风险[2];但在另一方面,随着脉动性减少,动静脉畸形(Arteriovenous malformation,AVM)的发生发展与复发性GIB成为了新的重要问题[3]。此外,如前篇所述,离心式CF-LVAD(Heartware HVAD)可能会增加卒中的风险。



图2 CF-LVADs可能导致胃肠道出血的机制总结。VEGFR2,血管内皮生长因子受体2;vWF,血管性血友病因子(来源:Circ Res. 2017 Sep 29;121(8):902-904.)


MOMENTUM 3研究[4]和INTERMACS分析[5]均已证实,全磁悬浮HM-3与既往的第二代轴流式HM-II和磁液悬浮HeartWare HVAD相比,血液相容性显著提升,从而显著降低了泵血栓形成和卒中的发生。即便如此,也要同时看到,这些患者出血并发症的降低幅度有限[4,6],且GIB的发生率并未得到改善[4]。鉴于全磁悬浮HM-3在减少血栓栓塞事件方面的显著效果,临床医生们正在考虑调整抗凝和抗血小板治疗方案,以进一步降低GIB的发生概率[7,8,9]


图3 MOMENTUM研究的亚组分析,常规剂量阿司匹林组(325mg)和低剂量阿司匹林组(81mg)比较,无出血或血栓事件的生存率没有差异。ASA,阿司匹林;HM3,HeartMate 3;HRAE,血液相容性相关不良事件(来源:J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020 June; 39(6): 518-525.)


不同LVADs在出血或血栓事件上的差异,取决于多种因素,其中血液相容性是关键。血液相容性指的是器械装置与血液接触时引发的血栓反应。影响LVAD血液相容性的因素包括剪切应力引起的血小板激活[10]、内皮细胞激活[11]、vWF降解[12]和氧化应激[13]。不同LVADs在这些参数上的影响能力各不相同[14-16]。除了LVAD自身的特性,脉动性等其它一些参数也在出血或血栓形成与发展中起着重要作用[17]


图4 针对HM-3和EVAHEART泵的体外研究示意图,将它们集成在使用健康志愿者全血的双体外泵循环中(来源:J Heart Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157:591-9.)


(二)患者个体差异


患者的个体差异在出血或血栓栓塞事件的发展中,也扮演着重要角色。一些不可修改的因素,如年龄、性别和遗传多态性,对这些事件有着显著的影响。例如,年龄较大的患者更易经历出血和血栓事件[18];女性患者则与较高的卒中风险相关[19],等等。


图6 LVAD患者缺血性卒中的风险评分,包括了变量与分数(来源:JACC Heart Fail. 2017 October;5(10):703-711.)


而在可修改的风险因素中,高血压已被证实与出血性和缺血性卒中的发生有关[20]。优化血流动力学,如使得中心静脉压低于12mmHg、肺动脉楔压低于18mmHg,以及心指数超过2.2l/min/m2,可显著减少患者受到血液相容性不良事件(HRAEs)的影响[21]


一项小型研究发现,LVAD植入后3月内出现的显著主动脉瓣关闭不全(AI)与HRAEs有关系[22]。此外,肺动脉舒张压和肺毛细血管楔压的不匹配,可致右心衰恶化,也与HRAEs相关。这种相关性可能与泵功能停滞、肝脏充血、随后的炎症反应和凝血级联反应失衡,以及AVM的发展有关。


图7 根据显著主动脉瓣反流是否存在(A)(定义为反流分数>30%)和分层(B),来比较其与HRAEs的关系(来源:J Card Fail. 2019 October;25(10):787-794.)


(三)外部环境因素


外源性因素在出血或血栓事件的发展中,也起着至关重要的作用,尤其是与抗凝和抗血小板治疗强度和策略密切相关的因素。在CF-LVAD患者中,最常见的出血事件风险因素是过度抗凝。INR的升高,即与出血事件紧密相关,特别是当其超过3.5时,出血事件显著增加。另一方面,较高的基线INR值也与出血事件相关,这可能暗示了该患者潜在的肝脏功能障碍,或由右心力衰引起的继发性肝充血[23]


其他影响因素还包括:抗血小板药物、血小板减少或功能障碍(无论是由CF-LVAD引起或其它原因)、获得性von Willebrand综合征、肾功能损害、LVAD植入前的体外膜肺氧合(Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)支持以及感染并发症。患者对药物的依从性、药物间的相互作用以及不良生活习惯如烟草,也均可影响血栓/出血事件[24]


图8 LVAD患者早期、晚期出血性和缺血性卒中的多变量预测因素(来源:Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2016.12.010.)


器械的特性、患者的个体差异以及外部因素的相互作用,在每位患者中形成了一个独特的组合。这就要求我们必须采取个性化的策略来预防出血/血栓事件。例如,遗传变异可能使得患者对华法林、阿司匹林和氯吡格雷产生不同的药物反应,及早识别无反应患者,对制定预防出血/血栓栓塞事件的策略亦很重要[25]


引用文献:

向上滑动阅览

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转自|MiHeart
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